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The Ethereum Pectra Upgrade marks a significant milestone in the network’s journey toward enhanced scalability, decentralization, and efficiency. As a fusion of the Prague and Electra upgrades, Pectra introduces 11 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) that collectively lay the groundwork for Ethereum’s long-term roadmap, including the eventual implementation of sharding.
One of the most impactful changes is EIP-2537, which enhances digital signature verification speeds by over 50% through BLS-based cryptography. Meanwhile, EIP-2935 increases the number of retrievable historical block hashes from 256 to 8,191, extending data accessibility from one hour to approximately 34 hours — a crucial step toward integrating Verkle Trees and reducing full node data requirements.
Validator operations are significantly streamlined. EIP-6110 reduces onboarding time for validators from nine hours to just 13 minutes by shifting the process to the Execution Layer. Similarly, EIP-7002 accelerates validator offboarding, also moving it from the Consensus Layer to the Execution Layer. EIP-7521 increases the validator stake limit from 32 ETH to 2048 ETH, allowing for the consolidation of validator responsibilities and reducing the need for fragmented virtual nodes.
Consensus efficiency gets a major upgrade with EIP-7549, which slashes the required votes for consensus from over 1,300 to just 22. EIP-7623 disincentivizes outdated Layer-2 scaling methods by raising calldata gas fees, encouraging the adoption of blob-based rollups instead.
Additional changes include EIP-7685, which allows smart contracts to directly communicate with validators, and EIPs 7691 and 7840, which increase blob capacity per block and introduce adjustable blob space settings. Perhaps most transformative is EIP-7702, which brings Smart Accounts to Ethereum. These accounts allow users to automate transactions, sponsor gas, and even recover access in case of key loss.
Collectively, these upgrades position Ethereum to be faster, more efficient, and better equipped for mass adoption, while reducing costs and improving scalability across the ecosystem.
